| Sažetak | Nakon intenzivnog političkog sukoba Gaja Julija Cezara i Senata, vođenog Markom Porcijem Katonom, priobalni pojas istočne obale Jadrana 59. g. pr. Kr. u potpunosti se integrirao u rimski sustav. Izglasavanjem Vatinijeva zakona u Narodnoj skupštini službeno je osnovana provincija Ilirik, koju je zajedno s Cisalpinskom Galijom na upravu dobio Cezar i tako postao njezin prvi upravitelj. U periodu od pet godina, koliko je uprava nad Cisalpinom i Ilirikom zakonom određena, Cezar je namjeravao otpočeti osvajanja u smjeru dunavskog područja. Međutim, ubrzo nakon donošenja Vatinijeva zakona, migracije Helvećana ugrozile su Transalpinsku Galiju pa je Senat, prema iskustvu iz sličnih situacija u prošlosti, i tu provinciju na upravu dodijelio Cezaru te on, kreće, pokazat će se, u dugotrajno osvajanje cijele Galije. Dostupni literarni podatci pokazuju da teritorij novoosnovane provincije Ilirik nije nastao odjednom, nego prethodnim dugotrajnim procesom širenja rimskog protektorata, područja koje su činile zaštićene zajednice i gradovi. Od prve rimske vojne intervencije na istočnoj obali Jadrana, u sklopu Prvoga ilirskog rata, protektorat se nadalje razvijao sukladno rimskim vojnim uspjesima i teritorijalnim akvizicijama. Rušenjem Ilirskoga i Makedonskoga kraljevstva 168./167. g. pr. Kr., povećao se za širi pojas od rijeke Neretve na sjeverozapadu do granica Epira na jugoistoku. No, 146. g. pr. Kr., podjelom Ilirskoga Kraljevstva, područja južno od Lisa postala su dijelom provincije Makedonije, a sjeverozapadni dio je opstao kao zasebna cjelina koja se povremeno teritorijalno povećavala, sve do Vatinijeva zakona. Tako se stvarala struktura buduće provincije Ilirik. Preciznije, odlukama zapovjednika o uređenju teritorija po uspješnom završetku vojnih kampanja. Anicijev proglas podijelio je nekadašnje Ilirsko Kraljevstvo na tri dijela, netom prije Histri su potpali pod rimsku vlast, nizom odluka suzbijen je pritisak Delmata na priobalno područje srednje Dalmacije, Ardijejci su se morali, za kaznu, preseliti u kontinentalnu unutrašnjost, dok je Tuditanova kampanja teritorij Liburna i Japoda pripojila postojećem protektoratu i objedinjena je rimska vlast duž istočne obale Jadrana. Bile su to odluke koje su s vremenom stvarale pravne i upravne instrumente koji upravitelju, jednom kad se pojavi, omogućavaju vođenje provincije. Tako je u trenutku imenovanja Cezara upraviteljem Ilirika za svaki njegov dio već postojao niz sukcesivnih odluka koje su definirale odnose između zajednica, poziciju u provinciji, obveze prema Rimu, pa i privilegije. To je itekako utjecalo na organizacijski i administrativni aspekt provincije. Ilirik koji je Cezar dobio na upravu sastojao se od pet regija, koje su naziv dobile po najznačajnijoj zajednici koja je obitavala u granicama svake od njih – Histriju, Liburniju, Japodiju, Dalmaciju te stari Ilirik. One su bile određene granicama unutar provincije i postojećim ugovorima s Rimom, dok je najjužnija, pak, već imala administrativno uređenje. Formiranjem sudbenog konventa u Naroni, nakon kampanje Servija Fulvija Flaka 135. g. pr. Kr., nastalo je središte s nadležnošću nad više od 89 zajednica, što Marko Terencije Varon, pedesetak godina poslije, primjećuje i zapisuje. Takva administrativna podjela regije starog Ilirika opstala je sve do Cezarova vremena, ali i poslije, kad je vjerojatno služila kao osnova za podjelu ostatka tada carske provincije Dalmacije. Sve je to činilo Ilirik koji je Cezar dobio na upravu. Kao jedna dinamična provincija, ona se nije previše razlikovala od ostalih tada postojećih u rimskom svijetu. Imala je svoje teritorijalno određenje, svoje leges provinciae, organizaciju na regije i administrativno ustrojstvo u barem jednom svom dijelu. Iako Cezar nije previše pozornosti posvetio događajima u provinciji za vrijeme uprave, jednom započet, proces romanizacije i preobrazbe teritorija u potpuno administrativno sređenu provinciju išao je svojim tijekom. Sve je više rimskih građana pristizalo na iliričke obale, osnivanjem konvenata rimskih građana autohtono stanovništvo i postojeći saveznici gubili su svoju prethodnu poziciju te Ilirik postaje prava rimska provincija čija strateška važnost, izbijanjem građanskog rata između Cezara i Pompeja, dolazi do izražaja više nego ikad prije. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The coastal belt of the Eastern shores of the Adriatic was fully integrated into the Roman system in 59 B.C. as a consequence of the intensive political conflict between Gaius Julius Caesar and the Senate led by Marcus Porcius Cato. With the enactment of Vatinius’ law in the Popular Assembly, the province of Illyricum was officially created and, along with Cisalpine Gaul, handed off to its first governor, Gaius Julius Caesar. For the duration of his five-year mandate in the region, Caesar had intended to begin his conquests toward the Danube area. However, soon after Vatinius’ law and due to the migration of the Helvetians, the seemingly calm province of Transalpine Gaul came under threat. Prompted by the experience of similar situations in the past, the Senate gave Transalpine Gaul to Caesar who set off, as it turned out, on a long-term conquest of all of Gaul. Available literary data demonstrate that the territory of the newly founded province of Illyricum was not created all at once, but was the result of a long-term process which expanded the Roman protectorate, an area comprised of protected communities and cities. Beginning with the first Roman military intervention on the Eastern shores of the Adriatic during the First Illyrian War, the protectorate further on increased due to Roman military successes and territorial acquisitions. The downfall of the Illyrian and Macedonian kingdoms in 168/167 B.C. added a wide coastal area from the Neretva River in the northwest to the borders of Epirus in the southwest. However, the protectorate was divided in 146 B.C. The areas south of Lissus were incorporated into the province of Macedonia, while the northwest remained as a separate, periodically-expanded whole until the enactment of Vatinius’ law. It is thus that the structure of the future province of Illyricum was created. More specifically, due to commanders’ decisions on territorial organization after the successful completion of every military campaign which, in time, created the legal and administrative framework which would enable the governor, once he appeared, to govern his province. With Anicius’ proclamation, the former Illyrian kingdom was divided into three parts, before which the Histri fell under Roman rule. The pressure of the Delmatae on the coastal area of central Dalmatia was repressed with a number of separate decisions and, as punishment, the Ardiaeans were moved to into the interior. After Tuditanus’ campaign, the territories of Liburnians and Iapodians were incorporated into the existing protectorate and Roman rule was united all along the Eastern shore of the Adriatic. Therefore, at the moment Caesar was appointed governor of Illyricum, for every area of the province there already existed a series of successive decisions that defined the relationship between communities, their position in the province, their obligations toward Rome and, for some, the afforded privileges. That affected the organizational and administrational aspect of the province a great deal. Illyricum, when Caesar received it, was divided into five regions, named after the most important community that lived within its borders – Histria, Liburnia, Iapodia, Dalmatia and old Illyricum. These regions were defined by inter-provincial borders and existing contracts with Rome, while the most southern (old Illyricum) was administratively organized. With the formation of a judicial conventus in Narona after the campaign of Servius Fulvius Flaccus in 135 B.C., a centre with jurisdiction over more than 89 communities was created. This was noticed and recorded, fifty years later, by Marcus Terentius Varro. An administrative division of the region of old Illyricum was thus carried out, and it remained until Caesar’s time and, even later, served as a model for the division of the province of Dalmatia. All of that constituted the Illyricum which was given to Caesar to rule over. As a dynamic province, it did not differ greatly from others in the Roman realm. It was territorially defined and had its own leges provinciae. Additionally, there was regional organization and an administrative framework for at least one part. Although Caesar did not pay much attention to events in the province during his rule, once started, the process of Romanization and the transformation of the territory into a fully administratively-settled province went its own course. More and more Roman citizens arrived on the shores of Illyrium and began to organize themselves in convents of Roman citizens (conventus civium Romanorum). Their influence and strength for the autochthonous population eventually meant the loss of their previous position. Consequently, Illyricum became a real Roman province with great strategic importance, a fact which became all the more evident upon the breakout of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey when the period of so called “Caesars’s Illyricum” officially ended. |
