| Sažetak | Slobodni kraljevski grad Bihać bio je do osmanskog osvajanja 1592. jedan od najvažnijih urbanih, a time i sociopolitičkih centara onodobnoga hrvatskog prostora. Izvanredno pozicioniran uz komunikaciju koja je spajala jadranski i panonski prostor, smješten na toku rijeke Une, zaštićen planinama te dobro naseljen i utvrđen, Bihać će vrlo brzo postati važno vojno središte u kontekstu sukoba s Osmanlijama. Desetljećima prije stupanja dinastije Habsburg na ugarsko-hrvatsko prijestolje započet će proces transformacije Bihaća u jedan od centara protuosmanskoga obrambenog sustava, a taj će proces kulminirati nakon 1527. kada grad postaje sjedište Bihaćke kapetanije, zborno mjesto Hrvatske krajine te ključna točka za sigurnost hrvatskog prostora i unutrašnjeaustrijskih zemalja, primarno Kranjske. Iako je slobodni kraljevski grad Bihać nastavio funkcionirati pod naslijeđenom gradskom upravnom strukturom, odvijalo se to u bitno drugačijem kontekstu. Sve izraženija osmanska ekspanzija i formiranje krajiškog sustava kao habsburškog odgovora, u konačnici je dovelo do podređenosti civilne gradske strukture onoj kapetanijskoj - o kojoj je uostalom ovisila i obrana grada. U prvom dijelu disertacije istražio sam i prezentirao kontekst nastanka Bihaćke kapetanije, njezin teritorijalni razvoj, promjene u strateškom značenju kroz promatrani period, broj i karakteristike vojnika gradske posade te vojnih postrojbi slanih u pomoć gradu, stanje i promjene u fortifikacijskoj infrastrukturi grada, a posebno poglavlje posvećeno je bihaćkim kapetanima i višim časnicima koji su bili dio gradske posade. Istražio sam i problematiku dopreme i skladištenja oružja i opreme u gradu te obavještajnu, stražarsku i poštansku važnost Bihaća u krajiškom kontekstu. U drugom dijelu disertacije fokusirao sam se na pojedine društvene procese kao posljedice pograničavanja, odnosno militarizacije hrvatskog prostora koja se očitovala u porastu stanovništva uključenog u ratne aktivnosti i uzdizanjem krajiške upravne strukture nad tradicionalnom civilnom strukturom ‒ u ovom slučaju bihaćkom gradskom općinom. Nakon prikaza razvoja, statusa i dostupnih podataka o pripadnicima gradske općine u promatranom periodu, prezentirao sam dinamiku suodnosa civilnih i vojnih vlasti, demografsku problematiku Bihaća, odnosno pitanje broja stanovnika, poziciju Bihaća u kontekstu velikih migracija stanovništva na pograničju i prema unutrašnjosti uključujući i uskočka kretanja. Na kraju sam istražio kako i odakle se prehranjivalo bihaćko stanovništvo, kako je uređen opskrbni sustav te odakle su i kojim komunikacijama pristizale namirnice za gradsku vojnu posadu. Budući da je hrvatsko pograničje bilo dio protuosmanskoga defenzivnog sustava na širem europskom prostoru te da je Bihać bio najvažniji grad na hrvatskom pograničju, vjerujem da će istraživanje navedene problematike biti relevantno i na široj regionalnoj/europskoj razini. Protuosmanski napor prije svega je zajednički regionalni pothvat stoga istraživanje tema poput ove implicira aplikaciju širega međunarodnog rakursa, što otvara prostor za precizniju kontekstualizaciju položaja hrvatskih zemalja u onodobnome međunarodnom kontekstu. Također, istraživanje razvoja Bihaćke kapetanije kao pogranične vojne institucije, a zatim i transformacija koje su zahvatile društvo jednog grada na pograničju može biti relevantno i u kontekstu znanstvene discipline „studija granica“ koja postaje sve aktualnija u današnjem svijetu, opterećenom geoplitikom, klimatskim promjenama i ekstenzivnim migracijama. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Prior to the Ottoman conquest in 1592, the free royal city of Bihać was one of the most important urban, and therefore, socio-political centres in the Croatian territory. Extremely well positioned on the communication that connected the Adriatic and Pannonian area, located along the Una River, protected by the mountains, well populated and fortified, Bihać very soon became one of the most important military centres within the context of the conflict with the Ottoman Empire. The process of transformation of Bihać into one of the antiOttoman defence centres began decades before the Habsburg dynasty claimed the HungarianCroatian throne in 1526/1527. This process would eventually culminate after 1527, when the city became the headquarters of the Bihać captaincy, a rallying place on the Croatian border and a key defensive location for the security of the Croatian and the lands of Inner Austria - primary Carniola. The free royal city of Bihać continued to function with its traditional administrative structure, but now in a very different context. The ever increasing Ottoman expansion and the formation of the border captaincy as a response to that expansion finally led to the subordination of the city’s civil administrative structure to the administration of the border captaincy - upon which the city’s defence eventually depended. In the first part of the dissertation I will present the context of the creation of the Bihać captaincy, its territorial development, changes in strategic importance through the observed period, the number and characteristics of the paid soldiers that made the city’s garrison and military units sent as reinforcement, the characteristics and changes in the fortification infrastructure of the city. Special chapter is dedicated to the Bihać’s captains and senior officers who were part of the city's garrison. I will also address the problem of transport and storage of weapons and equipment in the city, as well as the relevance of Bihać for intelligence, guarding and postal networks within the anti-Ottoman border context. In the second part of the dissertation I will focus on certain social processes which occurred as the consequence of the militarization of the Croatian territory, which are reflected in the increase of the population involved in war activities and the elevation of the military border administrative structure over the traditional civil structure one - in this case, Bihać’s city municipality. After presenting the position, status and available information about the members of the city’s social and administrative structure during the observed period, I will present the dynamics of the relations between civil and military authorities, the demographic issues of Bihać, i.e. the issue of the number of inhabitants, the position of Bihać within the context of the large population movements on the border and towards the interior. In the end I will research how and form where did the population of Bihać ensure its sustenance, how did the supply system function and by which transport routes were the supplies for the military garrison brought into the city. Since the Croatian border was one of the sections of the anti-Ottoman defensive system in the wider European area, and Bihać was most important city on the Croatian border, I believe that this research will be relevant on a wider regional/European level. The antiOttoman effort is primarily a joint regional venture and the addressing of topics such as the aforementioned, implies the appliance of the wider international perspective, which opens the scope/space for a more precise contextualization of the position of Croatian countries in the contemporary international context. Also, exploring the development of the Bihać captaincy as a border military institution, and then the transformations that affected the society of a specific border city can be relevant within the context of the scientific discipline of the "border study", which, in today's world burdened with geopolitical, climate and migratory issues, could become all the more relevant. |
