Objectives: To determine gender differences in the expression of BMPs (BMP-4, -7) and their inhibitors (Noggin, Gremlin) in the synovial membrane, articular cartilage and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and in the intensity of adult neurogenesis and levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-17A) in the blood as well as their correlation with each other during three stages of pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) - at the onset, at the peak and in remission. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 140 Dark Agouti rats, aged 7-8 weeks. Brain, hindfoot, and serum samples were analyzed. The expression of BMPs and inhibitors and the intensity of adult neurogenesis were determined immunohistochemically by quantification analysis, and cytokine levels by ELISA. The degree of inflammation in the joint was determined by Krenn and Mankin semiquantitative scoring. The results were statistically processed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's correlation (r). Data were expressed as mean ± SD, and statistical significance was taken at p <0.05. Results: The onset of PIA was earlier in males, and they recovered better during remission. BMP-4, Noggin, and Gremlin in the articular cartilage during PIA were upregulated more in females, and BMP-7 was downregulated more in males. Synovial inflammation and synovial BMPs and their inhibitors were upregulated more in females. PIA caused hippocampal BMP-4 upregulation and downregulation of BMP7 and Noggin in males, and in females BMP-4 and Noggin were downregulated. The increase in IL-17A at the onset of PIA was higher in males, and in females the increase in TNF-α was higher in remission. During remission, females had a significantly higher increase in the number of Ki-67+ , DCX+ and SOX-2 + cells and the DCX/Ki-67 ratio in the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus compared to males. Conclusions: Results show gender differences in the expression of BMPs and their inhibitors within the joint-hippocampus axis, and in the levels of TNF-α and IL-17A in the blood. Furthermore, the results demonstrate differences in correlations of BMPs and inhibitors in the joint and dentate gyrus with the intensity of adult nerogenesis and inflammation between genders. This indicates the existence of different mechanisms of disease onset and development, and thus potential associated neuropsychiatric complications of rheumatoid arthritis between genders.