Military pilots are a specific segment of the population of military personnel who are exposed to high physical exertion, stress and noise while performing flight tasks, which requires appropriate mental and physical fitness. Previous research has shown the high exposure of the aviation population to risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hearing loss which, along with diseases of the locomotor system, represent the greatest health risks. The aim of the research is to determine the connection between the level of physical fitness and risk factors for CVD and hearing loss in a sample of military pilots, so that preventive programs for health preservation can be planned. The research identified cardiovascular disease risc factors (CVD), assessed the state of physical fitness, measured elements of heart rate variability (HRV) during flight, and determined hearing loss in a selected sample of military pilots. The level of physical fitness was determined by treadmill ergometry for the cardiorespiratory fitness variable (CRF), the number of push-ups and sit-ups in two minutes were tested, the time requireded to run 2400 meters was measured and the total number of points was calculated. The examined sample consists of 48 male pilots aged 35-50 years, for whom flying is a basic, i.e. everyday activity on a multi-purpose helicopter (Mi-117Sh), training aircraft (PC-9), firefighting aircraft (Cl-415) and supersonic fighter aircraft (Mig-21). Observed variables of CVD risk factors include: anamnestic parameters (age, smoking, number of flight hours, data on CVD heredity), clinical examination, measurements and calculations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, ratio of waist and hip circumference (waist-to-hip ratio - WHR), hearth rate at resting, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), as well as laboratory blood indicators (glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP-HS and uric acid). Psychological stress levels were obtained by testing of the acute and chronic components (STAI X1 and X2), along with the determining the cortisol level in the blood. The experimental part of the research was carried by continuous measurement of the pilots' ECG parameters during flight in order to extract heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in variables: SDNN (standard deviation between nn intervals), RMSSD (root mean square difference of successive RR intervals), pNN50% (percentage of successive nn intervals that differ by more than 50 ms) and LF/HF (low and high frequency ratio of the spectral component of HRV). Hearing loss was measured bilaterally by tone audiometry at frequencies: 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 3 kHz, 4 kHz and 8 kHz. The obtained data showed a high exposure of military pilots to CVD risk factors expressed by elevated values: LDL cholesterol (91.6%), waist circumference 70.8%, total cholesterol (77%) and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in the variables: SDNN ( 83%), pNN50% (60.4%) and LF/HF ratio (58.3%). An elevated body mass index (BMI) is present in the majority of military pilots (68.8%), while the proportion of smokers represents a third of the respondents (33%). In a third of the subjects, the results indicate the risks of developing CVD based on the inflammation indicator CRP-HS. The obtained levels of psychological stress are low, which is confirmed by low cortisol levels. A comparison of the exposure to CVD risk factors in the research, with previously conducted research on military pilots shows that there is no tendency to change the condition. Statistical analysis of the connection between physical fitness variables and CVD risk factors indicated the association of weaker physical fitness results with greater exposure to risk factors. Thus, the results of running time at 2400 meters are related to the levels of: uric acid, waist circumference, systolic pressure level, body mass index - BMI and SCORE index, while the number of sit-ups is associated with the level of the ratio total/HDL cholesterol and the indicator of inflammation expressed by the level of CRP-HS. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is significantly associated with the systolic blood pressure, total/HDL cholesterol ratio and HRV variables: SDNN and LF/HF. The number of push-ups performed was only associated with the combined cardiovascular risk score SCORE Hearing loss is presented in three ways: according to Fowler-Sabine, losses at measured frequencies and according to Pelausa model. Hearing loss according to Fowler-Sabine did not show an association with cardiovascular disease risk factor variables and physical fitness. There is an apparent association between weaker results of the assessment of physical fitness and greater hearing loss, thus the variables of the time required to run 2400 meters and the number of sit-ups are associated with hearing loss on the left side in the representations by frequencies and according to Pelausa. The correlations between physical fitness and CVD risk factors on hearing loss at frequencies in each ear are presented, and a contribution is made to the theory of greater vulnerability of the left ear and the final effects of risk factors on overall hearing. There is an association of greater hearing loss in frequency display with greater expression by reducing CVD risk factors. Thus, there is an association with the level of triglycerides on the right side, while on the left side there are associations with the ratio of total/HDL cholesterol, blood glucose (GUC) and indicators of inflammation (CRP-HS, uric acid). There is an apparent association with several left CVD risk factors, which are associated with hearing loss in the speech area, which damages the hearing more. Greater hearing loss according to Pelausa is associated with higher levels of cardiovascular risks: BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, GUK levels, triglycerides, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, resting heart rate and SCORE index. There is no connection between hearing loss and HRV variables and psychological stress. The research showed a good selection of physical fitness assessment tests, which indicate a high exposure to CVD risks in military pilots which can be prevented by stimulating exercise, not smoking and changing dietary habits. The high correlation of the level of CVD risk factors with the results of physical fitness indicates the need for additional preventive examinations aimed at early diagnosis of CVD, in middle-aged military pilots with lower results of physical fitness, especially in the variable of a reduced number of sit ups and prolonged time running on 2400 meters. The results of the research show that the application of preventive measures, i.e. the effective reduction of the risk of CVD along with the proper application of measures to protect against noise, simultaneously works on the prevention of CVD and the protection of hearing in military pilots. The aforementioned proposals should be implemented in future regulations in order to extend the working and life span of military pilots and thereby combat readiness.