The aim of this doctoral thesis is development of environmentally acceptable decontaminants of chemical weapons and other highly toxic chemicals, which is important for the reasons related to security, economics, health, politics, and environment. The investigated imitants of chemical warfare agents were included: dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), as the most commonly studied chemical warfare agent simulant for nerve agents; 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide (2-CEES), as the most commonly studied chemical warfare agent simulant for sulfur mustard; and diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphoro thioyl)sulfanyl]butanedioate (malathion), as the most commonly studied chemical warfare agent simulant for 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-O-ethylmethylphosphonothioate (VX). Research was performed on the following sorbents: natural zeolite clinoptilolite, synthetic zeolite MCC Na and Ca form, mixture of natural and synthetic zeolites, metal oxides of magnesium, aluminum, titanium and zinc, mixtures metal oxides with synthetic zeolite, mixtures of aluminum and magnesium oxide and activated carbon. Research on the investigated sorbents involved: efficiency testing of the investigated sorbents from the organic phase by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, efficiency testing of the investigated sorbents from aqueous phase by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography associated with a diode array detector, determination of the breaktrough volume from the organic phase on the studied sorbents by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, detection of sorption mechanisms by infrared spectrometry, and characterization of the investigated sorbent using scanning electron microscopy. The results of the performed analysis of sorption efficiency from the organic and aqueous solution indicated very good sorption properties of all investigated sorbents in sorption of all three imitants of chemical warfare agents. Sorption of DMMP and malathion was significantly better than sorption of 2-CEES. Based on the results of the testing of breaktrough volume from the organic solution, the greatest potential for sorption of all three imitants of chemical warfare agents showed aluminum oxide, then mixture of aluminum oxide with magnesium oxide and then mixture of aluminum oxide with synthetic zeolite and activated carbon. The lowest sorption properties were showed zinc oxide, synthetic zeolites and their mixture. The dominant mechanism for sorption of DMMP and 2-CEES on all sorbents, was through the Lewis base, whereas for malathion was chemisorption of malathion through the Lewis and Brönsted bases. It is possible, according to the results of the analysis, to design efficient, cheap, accessible, and environmentally friendly sorbents that can be used efficiently as sorbents and / or decontaminants for the most toxic organic compounds such as chemical warfare agents and pesticides.