| Abstract | Istraživanju fenomena kockanja mladih u Hrvatskoj i svijetu uglavnom se pristupalo iz perspektive samih adolescenata. Ovaj rad, uz njihovu, uključuje i perspektivu roditelja kroz različite mjere procjene i samoprocjene. Mnogobrojna istraživanja potvdila su utjecaj roditelja i roditeljstva općenito na negativne razvojne ishode djece (Farrington, Loeber i Ttofi, 2007; Andrews i Bonta, 2006; Ferić, 2002; Ricijaš, 2012), pa tako i na kockanje kao rizično ponašanje (Gupta i Derevensky, 1997; Dickson, Derevensky i Gupta, 2000; Wood i Griffiths, 2002; Griffiths, 2003), iako je fundus literature u ovom području skromniji i uglavnom novijeg datuma. Ovaj rad ima za cilj stjecanje uvida u obilježja roditeljstva i roditeljskog ponašanja, odnos roditelja prema kockanju mladih i drugim rizičnim ponašanjima, stavove roditelja prema kockanju, učestalost njihovog kockanja i prevalenciju problematičnog kockanja, te razlike u percepciji nekih navedenih obilježja između roditelja i djece. Nadalje, radom se željelo utvrditi kako prethodno navedena obilježja roditelja objašnjavaju učestalost kockanja njihove djece, te na koji način djetetova percepcija roditelja i roditeljstva, kao i njegova osobna obilježja, iskustva i stavovi vezani uz kockanje objašnjavaju učestalost njihovog kockanja.
Pritom je važno obilježje ovog istraživanja činjenica da su u njemu sudjelovali i roditelji (n=244) i njihova muška djeca (n=244), kako bi se roditeljska percepcija neposredno mogla usporediti s djetetovim samoiskazom. U odnosu na subuzorak roditelja ukupno je sudjelovalo n=126 majki (51.6%) i n=118 očeva (48.4%), a raspon dobi kreće se od 30 do 63 godina života, s prosječnom dobi Mdob=45.98 (SD=5.59). Raspon dobi mladića (njihove djece) kreće se od 14 do 19 godina života, pri čemu je prosječna dob Mdob=16 (SDdob=1.21). Uzorak je prigodan, a istraživanje je provedeno u Zagrebu i Splitu. Kako bi se ostvarili postavljeni ciljevi korištena je opsežna baterija instrumenata: (1) Upitnik o općim i socio-demografskim podacima, (2) Upitnik percepcije ozbiljnosti rizika za mlade, (3) Upitnik procjene komunikacije o rizicima mladih, (4) Upitnik procjene iskustva djeteta s rizičnim ponašanjem, (5) Upitnik kvalitete obiteljskih interakcija – KOBI (Vulić-Prtorić, 2002), (6) Upitnik roditeljskog ponašanja URP-29 (Kuterovac Jagodić, Keresteš i Brković, 2007), (7) Skala stavova o kockanju (Jelić, Huić i Dinić, 2013), (8) Upitnik aktivnosti kockanja (skraćena verzija): samoprocjena roditelja, procjena partnera/ice, samoprocjena roditelja o kockanju zajedno s djetetom (Ricijaš i sur., 2011), (9) South Oaks Gambling Screen – SOGS (Lesieur i Bloom, 1987), (10) Upitnik aktivnosti kockanja djeteta (skraćena verzija) (Ricijaš i sur., 2011), (11) General Problem Severity Subscale (GPSS) kao dio Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory- CAGI (Wiebe, Tremblay, Wynne i Stinchfield, 2010), (12) Upitnik (samo)procjene
vjerojatnosti roditeljskog sankcioniranja djece za rizična ponašanja i (13) Pitanja o tome kocka li/kladi se zajedno s djetetom.
U funkciji odgovaranja na postavljena istraživačka pitanja korištene su sljedeće metode obrade podataka: (1) Metode deskriptivne statistike (aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, frekvencije), (2) Wilcoxonov test ranga, (3) Hi-kvadrat test, (4) Mann-Whitneyev U-Test uz računanje veličine efekta i (5) Hijerarhijska regresijska analiza.
Rezultati su pokazali kako roditelji pozicioniraju kockanje kao manje ozbiljan rizik u odnosu na rizike vezane uz ovisnosti konzumiranja psihoaktivnih tvari, te da percipiraju kockanje ozbiljnijim rizikom nego njihova djeca. U odnosu na komunikaciju s djecom, roditelji češće komuniciraju o ovisnostima vezanim uz konzumiranje sredstava ovisnosti (alkohol, cigarete, droge), ali i o drugim bihevioralnim ovisnostima, odnosno tehnološkim rizicima kao što su Internet i video igre, u odnosu na kockanje, te svoju komunikaciju o rizicima općenito procjenjuju učestalijom nego njihova djeca. U odnosu na percepciju roditelja o vrsti, učestalosti i razvijenim posljedicama vezanim uz kockanje, rezultati pokazuju kako roditelji najučestalijim procjenjuju sportsko klađenje, ali i da djeca izvještavaju o učestalijem kockanju općenito. Razlika u procjeni roditelja i djece pokazala se i kod procjenjene vjerojatnosti sankcioniranja za određena rizična ponašanja i to na način da roditelji u većoj mjeri procjenjuju vjerojatnost sankcioniranja, nego što to procjenjuju njihova djeca. Što se tiče razvijenosti štetnih psihosocijalnih posljedica povezanih s kockanjem kod djece, 88.0% roditelja procjenuje kako njihova djeca nemaju nikakvih štetnih psihosocijalnih problema povezanih s kockanjem, dok samoprocjenom djece njih 64.3% zadovoljava kriterije za ovakav zaključak. Odnosno, razvijenost niske do srednje razine problema kod svoje djece procjenilo je 8.4% roditelja u odnosu na 21.6% djece, a 2.8% roditelja procijenilo je da njihova muška djeca imaju ozbiljne psihosocijalne posljedice povezane s kockanjem, dok je za sebe to procijenilo 14.1% djece, što su značajne razlike. U odnosu na razlike između očeva i majki u ovom području, utvrđeno je kako očevi imaju pozitivniji stav prema kockanju, učestalije kockaju i imaju izraženije probleme povezane s kockanjem. Pri ispitivanju doprinosa osobnih obilježja roditelja, obilježja njihovog roditeljstva, roditeljstva u odnosu na kockanje mladih, stava prema kockanju, učestalosti i intenziteta problema povezanih s kockanjem roditelja u predikciji samoiskazane učestalosti kockanja njihove muške djece, rezultati ukazuju kako se učestalost kockanja muške djece ne može kvalitetno objasniti samoprocjenom roditeljskog ponašanja jer je takvim pristupom objašnjeno svega 20% varijace. Međutim, setom prediktora koji iz perspektive djece mjeri procjenu obitelji i roditeljstva, te uključuje samoiskaz i samoprocjenu djece u odnosu na stavove i iskustva tijekom kockanja, rezultati pokazuju kako se učestalost kockanja mladića može objasniti kroz nepovoljnije roditeljske stilove koji uključuju restriktivnu kontrolu i permisivnost, te znanje roditelja o
njihovom kockanju, pozitivan djetetov stav prema kockanju, iskustvo dobitka velikog iznosa novca koji ujedno i potiče dijete za nastavkom kockanja, čime je objašnjeno oko 59% varijance kriterija.
Rezultati istraživanja komentirani su u odnosu na domaće i inozemne spoznaje u ovom području, ali i u kontekstu značaja za prevenciju i tretman ovog rizičnog ponašanja mladih. |
| Abstract (english) | The research of youth gambling in Croatia and the world have mostly been approached from a child's point of view. This dissertation, beside including child's perspective, includes parents’ personal characteristics through different way of assessment and self-assessment. The impact of parenthood on a negative child outcomes has been proven through many researches (Farrington, Loeber i Ttofi, 2007; Andrews i Bonta, 2006, Ferić, 2002, Ricijaš, 2012), as well as on gambling as a risky behaviour (Gupta i Derevensky, 1997; Dickson, Derevensky i Gupta, 2000, Wood i Griffiths, 2002; Griffiths, 2003), although literature holdings in this field are rather moderate and recent. The aim of this research is to provide an insight into characteristics of parenthood, particularly those related to relationship with youth gambling, parents’ attitudes toward gambling, frequency of parent gambling and the differences in perception between parents and their children. Moreover, the goal was to determine how those characteristics explain the frequency of their children’s gambling and the way in which child’s perception of parents and parenthood, and child’s personal characteristics, experiences and attitudes to gambling explain the frequency of their gambling. The important attribute of this research is that both, parents (n=244) and their male children (n=244) were involved, so comparison between parents’ perception and their children self-assessment could be done. Subsample of parents consists of n=126 mothers (51.6%) and n=118 fathers (48.4%). Parents’ age ranges from 30 to 63 with the average age Mage=45.98 (SDage=5.59). Age of boys ranges from 14 to 19, with the average age Mage=16 (SDage=1.21). The research was conducted on a convenience sample in Split and Zagreb.
In order to conduct this research, a wide battery of instruments was used: (1) Questionnaire about general and socio- demographic data, (2) Questionnaire of risk perception for the youth, (3) Questionnaire of communication assessment about youth risks, (4) Questionnaire of assessment of the experiences of a child with risky behaviour, (5) Questionnaire of family interaction quality – KOBI (Vulić-Prtorić, 2002), (6) Questionnaire of parent behaviour URP-29 (Kuterovac Jagodić, Keresteš I Brković, 2007), (7) Gambling attitudes scale (Jelić, Huić I Dinić, 2013), (8) Questionnaire of gambling activities (shorten version): parents’ self-assessment, partners’ assessment, parents’ self- assessment about gambling with their child (Ricijaš et all., 2011), (9) South Oaks Gambling Screen- SOGS (Lesieur and Bloom, 1987), (10) Questionnaire of child’s gambling activities (shorten version) (Ricijaš et all., 2011), (11) General Problem Severity Subscale (GPSS) as a part of Canadian Adolescent Gambling
Inventory- CAGI (Wiebe, Tremblay, Wynne and Stinchfield, 2010), (12) Questionnaire of self- assessment of probability of parents’ disciplining their children for risky behaviour and (13) Questions about whether they gamble together with their child.
In order to reach the aforementioned goals, the following data analyses methodology was used: (1) Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviation, frequencies), (2) Wilcox range test, (3) Hi-square test, (4) Mann-Whitney U- Test with the calculation of effect sizes, and (5) Hierarchical regression analysis.
The results of the research have shown that parents do not rank gambling that high as the risks related to psychoactive substances use and that they perceive gambling as a greater risk then their children do. When compared to communication with their children, parents communicate more often about substance use (alcohol, cigarettes, drugs) and other behavioural addictions, that is technological risks such as Internet and video games, rather than gambling and they assess their communication more frequent their children do. In relation with parents’ perception of type, frequency and consequences related to gambling, the results show that parents believe sport betting to be the most frequent with the children, but also children self-assessed to gamble more frequent then their parents think so. That difference is shown also in disciplining risky behaviour in a way that parents report to be more prone to disciplining the children, whereas the children do not have the same perception. As far as psychosocial consequences connected to gambling, 88.0% of parents assess that their children do not have any of the consequences, while 64.3% of their children think so. The total of 8.4% of parents assess low and medium level of the problem, while 21.6% of their male children is self-assessed to be in this range of the problem. Finally, 2.8% of parents assessed that their male children have serious psychosocial consequences related to gambling, while 14.1% of children self-assesses to suffer the consequences, which is significant. Related to differences between mothers and fathers, the results show that the fathers have a more positive attitude towards gambling, they gamble more often and have more developed problems connected to gambling. When questioning the contribution of parents’ personal characteristics, parenthood characteristics, parenting related to youth gambling, attitudes toward gambling, frequency and intensity of the problems related to parents gambling in prediction of self- expressed gambling frequency of their male children, the results demonstrate that the frequency of male children gambling cannot be described completely by parents’ self-assessment since only 20% of the variance is explained in that way. However, the set of predictors which measures, from child’s perspective, the assessment of family and parenthood, and also includes children’s self-expression and self-assessment of their attitudes and experiences while gambling, the results show that frequency of boys gambling can be explained through inadequate parenting styles which include restrictive control and permissiveness and parents’ knowledge about their children gambling, a child’s positive attitude toward gambling, experience of winning a great amount of money which motivates the child to gamble more, which explains about 59% variance of criterion. |
